History of female circumcision in the United States

Their approach to clitoral surgery, at least as revealed in published medical works, was a cautious one that respected the importance of clitoral stimulation for healthy sexuality while simultaneously recognizing its role as cause and symptom in cases of insanity that were tied to masturbation.

clipped from jhmas.oxfordjournals.org During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, there was one kind of female orgasm and it was clitoral; there was also only one kind of healthy sexual instinct for a woman and it was for penetrative sex with her husband. When a woman behaved outside of this normality—by masturbating or by not responding to her husband's affections—her sexual instinct was seen as disordered. If healthy women, then, were believed only to be sexual within the marital embrace, what better way to explain these errant behaviors than by blaming the clitoris, an organ seen as key to female sexual instinct? Doctors corrected a clitoris in an unhealthy state using one of four surgeries—removing smegma or adhesions between the clitoris and its hood, removing the hood (circumcision), or removing the clitoris (clitoridectomy)—in order to correct a woman's sexual instinct in an unhealthy state.

Foxit pdf Reader, Toolbar, And Much More

Foxit's small, fast pdf reader and Foxit's toolbar loaded with handy features that simplify pc users
experience of the internet. Runs on firefox and
windows. Also, it has mobile versions.

clipped from foxit.ourtoolbar.com Stay connected to us - and get so much more - with the Foxit Community Toolbar! New Version of Foxit PDF Page Organizer Released A New and Simple Way to Register Foxit Mobile Prod... Foxit will be showcased nationally on the Travel C... 10 % off for Christmas Promotion The First Version of Foxit Reader for Windows Mobi... clipped from search.conduit.com Web   Foxitsoftware   Images   Weather   »Groups  News  Shopping   clipped from foxit.ourtoolbar.com Home Download Tell a Friend Privacy Contact Help Site Map Search Messages Tags: pdf viewer pdf reader pdf creator pdf editor pdf page organizer pdf sdk annotate pdf pdf converter pdf text viewer print pdf save pdf form print pdf form WAC remote access server foxit pdf tool koalaterm pdf reader for U3 pdf reader for windows mobile

Can Fear Be Forgotten?

clipped from www.popsci.com If fear really is all in our heads, Joseph LeDoux thinks he can eliminate it. The first step is to block out our memories clipped from www.popsci.com What Fear Does to the Brain Say you're afraid of mice. When the eye sees one skitter, it transmits the data to the thalamus [A], which sends the information straight to the the amygdala [B] and the visual cortex [C]. The amygdala rapidly associates the image with a fear memory and tells the hypothalamus [D] to prime the body for action. Meanwhile, the visual cortex goes through the higher-level processing of the image, but rationalization (it's just a mouse!) is too late [E] to overcome the amygdala's immediate repsponse. clipped from www.popsci.com Without the fear memory, though, the chain falls apart: If my brain can't remember why I'm afraid of spiders, then I won't be afraid of spiders. Yet selectively eliminating a memory would seem to be impossible. LeDoux suspected it was not. clipped from www.popsci.com Virtual-reality simulations [left], aided by a drug that helps memory formation, work to disassociate thoughts

16 Hints To Better Photography

Really great brief hints to create great photographs. The photos used here are for the most part amazing.

clipped from blog.epicedits.com portrait photography can be tough in more than one way the idea of this post isn’t to teach these techniques — it’s to introduce you to them and hopefully give you some inspiration with your own photography. I feel that these photos are strong enough to stand on their own without lengthy descriptions. 1. PHOTOSHOP 2. TEXTURE 3. OVEREXPOSE 4. UNDEREXPOSE 5. BACK-LIGHT 6. POSING 7. CULTURE 8. REFLECTIONS 9. SHADOWS 10. GET CLOSE 11. (UN)FOCUS 12. MOVEMENT 13. CAPTURE THE MOMENT 14. COLORS 15. GET SERIOUS 16. PROPS Brian Auer is a photography enthusiast from San Diego, California. He's also the guy behind the Epic Edits Weblog. As a hobbyist photographer since 2003, his passion has been to constantly improve his photography skill set, to share his own knowledge with others, and to become an integral part of the photographic community. Visit the author's homepage | View all Epic Edits posts by Brian Auer

The world's most widely-used cancer drug, is Paclitaxel, which is derived from the bark of several species of yew tree. Its complex chemical structure and biological function has so far made it impossible to produce artificially.
-----
80 per cent of the global population - rely on traditional plant-based medicine as their primary form of healthcare.
-----

clipped from www.telegraph.co.uk Threat to medicines from plant extinctions Millions of lives could be at risk because the plants which provide the basis of more than half of all prescription drugs face extinction, a new report warns. The loss of plants and trees which provide natural medicines could provoke a global healthcare crisis, says Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). Potential cures for some of the world's deadliest diseases - including currently untreatable cancer - may be lost if the problem is not checked. 70 per cent of all newly-developed drugs in the United States are derived from natural sources human health is still overwhelmingly dependent on the plant kingdom. in many cases it has proved impossible to reproduce the beneficial compounds found in plants. loss of the world's medicinal plants may not always be at the forefront of the public consciousness, however it is not an overstatement to say it could destabilise the future of global healthcare millions of lives at risk.

Gene vs. Gene: The Programming Language of Life

clipped from www.dailygalaxy.com Gene identification is big business, a vital step in ongoing research into the programming language of life itself - chasing down the diseases and even starting to look at improving the design.  Current gene detection techniques require microliters of genetic material, which may not sound like much but when the stuff you're interested in is measured in molecules it adds up to a whole hell of a lot of very fragile material. Deoxyribonucleic acid might be a big long name, but the stuff itself is pretty small, hard to produce to order and not something you want to waste. Why go to all the bother of building nanomachines from the ground up when there's a super-advanced system that's been running just fine for millions of years?  Also note the phrase " scaffolded DNA origami", which proves that no matter how much awesome stuff you hear about, science can and will come up with something even crazier sounding.

Algae -A Solution to the End of Oil?

clipped from www.dailygalaxy.com "All countries must take vigorous, immediate and collective action to curb runaway energy demand. The next ten years will be crucial for all countries... We need to act now to bring about a radical shift in investment in favor of cleaner, more efficient and more secure energy technologies." ~Nobuo Tanaka, head of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Big oil had better start worrying. Common algae from ponds and waste-water treatment plants has been found to produce vast amounts of burnable oil, say researchers at the University of Minnesota,  algae produces an astounding 5,000 gallons of oil per acre. Corn, by comparison, produces a measly 18 gallons. Soybean yields 48 gallons. An acre of palm trees yields 635 gallons. Algae has a clear advantage in other ways as well. Land crops use up more resources and require more manpower to grow. Algae, on the other hand, is so hardy that it grows all by itself in conditions that require little to no management

Hyper History

clipped from www.hyperhistory.com People Index General Lifelines for important persons Select periods: 1500 - 2007           1000 - 1500           500 - 1000           1 - 500           - 500 - 1           - 1000 - 500           Before 1000 BC       Famous women       Special Lifelines for scientists, composers, writers, artists, politicians & famous women. Alphabetical Index

Google Reader Notifier Firefox Extension

clipped from markdbd.com This firefox extension shows you how many unread items you have in your Google Reader account.